187 terms EN · 繁中
Glossary 詞彙表
Learn the English term as the operational one: every datasheet, every menu and
every conversation on an international crew is in English. The Chinese is there to build the
concept, not to replace it.
Flashcard mode
Learn the English term as the operational one. Every datasheet, every menu, every error message and every conversation on an international crew is in English. The Chinese is here to build the concept, not to replace it.
A. Quantities and units#
English 繁體中文 What it means Voltage 電壓 The difference in electrical pressure between two points. Never a property of one point alone Current 電流 The rate at which charge flows. What heats a cable and what stops a heart Resistance 電阻 Opposition to current. Every ohm turns electrical energy into heat Impedance 阻抗 Opposition to alternating current, including capacitive and inductive effects. Frequency dependent Power 功率 The rate of energy transfer, in watts. P = V × I Energy 能量 Power over time. What the meter on the building charges for Charge 電荷 The quantity of electricity. Current is charge per second Capacitance 電容 The ability to store charge. Opposes a change in voltage Inductance 電感 The ability to store energy in a magnetic field. Opposes a change in current Frequency 頻率 Cycles per second, in hertz Period 週期 The time for one cycle. The reciprocal of frequency Duty cycle 佔空比 The proportion of a switching period spent on RMS 均方根值 The equivalent DC value that would produce the same heating Peak 峰值 The maximum instantaneous value. For a sine, 1.414 times the RMS Ohm 歐姆 The unit of resistance Ampere 安培 The unit of current Volt 伏特 The unit of voltage Watt 瓦特 The unit of power Farad 法拉 The unit of capacitance Hertz 赫茲 The unit of frequency Decibel 分貝 A logarithmic ratio. 6 dB is a factor of two in voltage
B. Circuits and behaviour#
English 繁體中文 What it means Ohm's law 歐姆定律 V = I × R. The relationship everything else is built onSeries 串聯 Connected end to end. Same current, voltage divides. One failure stops everything Parallel 並聯 Connected across each other. Same voltage, current divides Direct current 直流電 Current in one direction, steady. From a battery or a power supply Alternating current 交流電 Current that reverses direction periodically. The mains Three phase 三相電 Three supplies a third of a cycle apart. How large buildings are fed Short circuit 短路 An unintended low-resistance path. Current rises until something gives Open circuit 斷路 A break in the path. No current flows Load 負載 Whatever the circuit is powering Voltage divider 分壓器 Two resistors producing a fraction of the input voltage Voltage drop 壓降 Voltage lost across a resistance, including a cable Time constant 時間常數 τ = R × C. The time to reach 63 per cent of the targetInrush current 突入電流 The large brief current at switch-on Flyback 反電動勢 The voltage spike when current in an inductor is interrupted Thermal runaway 熱失控 A device getting hotter, conducting more, and heating further Rectification 整流 Converting alternating current to direct Ripple 漣波 The residual variation on a rectified supply Ground, earth 接地 The common reference. In mains, the protective conductor Ground loop 接地迴路 A loop formed by two earth paths. The usual cause of hum Common mode 共模 A signal present equally on both conductors of a pair Differential 差動 A signal carried as the difference between two conductors
C. Components#
English 繁體中文 What it means Resistor 電阻器 Opposes current, turns the difference into heat Capacitor 電容器 Stores charge, opposes a change in voltage Electrolytic capacitor 電解電容 High capacitance, polarised, dries out with age and heat Inductor 電感器 Stores energy magnetically, opposes a change in current Diode 二極體 Passes current one way, blocks the other Schottky diode 蕭特基二極體 A diode with a low forward drop and fast recovery Flyback diode 續流二極體 Placed across a coil to absorb the collapse spike LED 發光二極體 A diode that emits light. Needs current control, not voltage control Transistor 電晶體 A current-controlled switch or amplifier MOSFET 場效電晶體 A voltage-controlled switch. The workhorse for switching loads Gate threshold 閘極臨界電壓 The gate voltage at which a MOSFET begins to conduct On-resistance 導通電阻 A MOSFET's resistance when fully on. Determines its heating Relay 繼電器 An electromagnet that mechanically closes a contact. Truly isolated Contactor 接觸器 A large relay for switching power circuits Solid state relay 固態繼電器 An isolated semiconductor switch. Silent, and it needs a heatsink Optocoupler 光耦合器 An LED and a sensor with no electrical path between them Voltage regulator 穩壓器 Produces a fixed output from a varying input Transformer 變壓器 Changes AC voltage, and provides isolation Fuse 保險絲 Melts on excess current. Protects the cable, not the person Circuit breaker 斷路器 A resettable overcurrent device RCD, GFCI 漏電斷路器 Trips on current returning by the wrong path. Protects the person Thermistor 熱敏電阻 A resistance that varies with temperature LDR 光敏電阻 A resistance that varies with light Potentiometer 可變電阻 A variable divider. Absolute position Heatsink 散熱片 Metal that carries heat away from a device
D. Measurement#
English 繁體中文 What it means Multimeter 萬用電錶 Voltage, current, resistance and continuity in one instrument Oscilloscope 示波器 Draws voltage against time. Shows shape, not just size Probe 探棒 The lead connecting a scope to the circuit Continuity 通斷 A test for a low-resistance path, usually with a beeper True RMS 真有效值 A meter that computes the real heating value of any waveform Input impedance 輸入阻抗 How much a meter or input loads the circuit. Typically 10 MΩ Loading effect 負載效應 A measurement changed by the instrument taking it Ghost voltage 感應電壓 A capacitively coupled reading on a disconnected conductor Timebase 時基 A scope's horizontal scale, in time per division Trigger 觸發 The condition that starts a scope sweep. What makes a trace stand still AC coupling 交流耦合 Blocking the DC so small variation on a large rail becomes visible Single shot 單次觸發 Capturing one event that happens once Proving unit 驗電器 A known live source, used to prove a meter before and after a test Live, dead, live 驗電三步 Prove the meter, test the circuit, prove the meter again Insulation tester 絕緣測試儀 Applies a high voltage to test insulation resistance Logic analyser 邏輯分析儀 Captures many digital channels and decodes protocols
E. Signal and audio#
English 繁體中文 What it means Balanced 平衡式 Signal on two conductors as a difference. Interference cancels at the receiver Unbalanced 非平衡式 One signal conductor with the screen as the return. Picks up interference Screen, shield 屏蔽 A conductive layer around a cable to keep interference out Microphone level 麥克風電平 1 to 50 mV Line level 線路電平 0.3 V consumer, 1.23 V professional dBu 分貝(0.775V) Decibels referenced to 0.775 V dBV 分貝(1V) Decibels referenced to 1 V Impedance bridging 阻抗橋接 Load much higher than source, to transfer voltage. The modern default Impedance matching 阻抗匹配 Source and load equal, to transfer power. For speakers and RF CMRR 共模抑制比 How well a differential receiver rejects common-mode signal Hum 交流聲 50 or 60 Hz, few harmonics. Induction or a ground loop Buzz 雜音 Harmonic-rich noise. Usually a dimmer or a switching supply Ground lift 接地隔離 Disconnecting the screen at one end to break a loop DI box 直入盒 Converts a high-impedance unbalanced source to a balanced line Filter, low pass 低通濾波器 Passes low frequencies, attenuates high Filter, high pass 高通濾波器 Passes high frequencies, attenuates low Clipping 削波 The waveform flattened at the top. Something is overloaded
F. Data and protocols#
English 繁體中文 What it means DMX512 DMX512 燈光控制協定 512 levels repeated at about 44 Hz over RS-485. One direction, no addressing RS-485 RS-485 The differential electrical layer under DMX. Says what the voltages are Universe 宇宙, 一個 DMX 迴路 One set of 512 DMX channels Channel, slot 通道 One of the 512 bytes in a universe Address 位址 The first channel a fixture responds to Footprint 通道數 How many consecutive channels a fixture uses Personality, mode 模式 Which channel layout a fixture is set to use Break 中斷信號 The long low period marking the start of a DMX packet Start code 起始碼 The first byte of a DMX packet. 0x00 for dimmer data Terminator 終端電阻 120 Ω at the end of a line, to absorb reflections Reflection 反射 Signal bouncing back from an unmatched cable end Daisy chain 菊鏈 Device to device in a line. The correct DMX topology Splitter 分配器 An active device that buffers one DMX input to several outputs RDM 遠端設備管理 Two-way device discovery and configuration over the DMX pair Art-Net Art-Net DMX over Ethernet, commonly broadcast sACN, E1.31 串流 ACN DMX over Ethernet using multicast. The modern default MIDI MIDI Note and control events over a current loop at 31.25 kbit/s MSC MIDI 演出控制 MIDI Show Control. Cue commands between departments OSC 開放聲控協定 Named messages over a network. Flexible, two way Timecode 時間碼 A continuous position-in-time signal for synchronisation Baud rate 鮑率 Bits per second on a serial line Multicast 多播 Sent to devices that subscribed. Efficient on a large rig Broadcast 廣播 Sent to everything on the network, processed by everything Packet 封包 A bundle of data with a header saying where it goes Latency 延遲 The time between a cause and its effect
G. Microcontrollers and control#
English 繁體中文 What it means Microcontroller 微控制器 A chip running one program forever. Not a computer GPIO 通用輸入輸出 A pin configurable as an input or an output Floating input 浮接輸入 An input with nothing driving it. Undefined, not off Pull-up, pull-down 上拉, 下拉電阻 A resistor defining a pin's idle state ADC 類比數位轉換器 Converts a voltage into a number Resolution 解析度 The smallest step an ADC can distinguish Reference voltage 參考電壓 What an ADC compares against. Its accuracy limit PWM 脈寬調變 Switching rapidly and varying the on-time to control average power Debounce 消抖 Ignoring a switch's multiple contact transitions State machine 狀態機 A system that is in one defined state and moves between them on events Watchdog 看門狗計時器 A timer that resets the chip if the software stops responding Blocking 阻塞 Code that stops everything else while it waits. delay() Non-blocking 非阻塞 Code that checks the clock and returns, so other work continues Firmware 韌體 The program running on a microcontroller Fail-safe 故障安全 Failing to a state that causes no harm Power-up state 開機狀態 What the device does when power is first applied
H. Sensors and actuators#
English 繁體中文 What it means Sensor 感測器 A device reporting one physical quantity as a signal Actuator 致動器 A device that acts on the physical world Limit switch 限位開關 A mechanical switch at the end of travel Reed switch 磁簧開關 A magnetically operated sealed contact Normally closed 常閉 The contact is closed when at rest. A cut cable reads as a fault Normally open 常開 The contact is open when at rest. A cut cable reads as safe Encoder 編碼器 Reports rotation as pulses. Incremental unless stated otherwise Homing 歸零 Moving to a known reference position after power-up Hall effect 霍爾效應 Detecting a magnetic field without contact Solenoid 電磁鐵 A coil producing a short linear pull. Often duty-cycle rated Peak and hold 峰值保持 Full power to pull in, reduced power to hold. Keeps a solenoid cool Servo 伺服機 Commanded position with internal feedback. Limited travel Stepper 步進馬達 Moves in fixed steps. Precise, and loses steps silently under load Backlash 齒隙 Lost motion in a gear train when reversing Duty cycle rating 工作週期額定 The proportion of time a device may be energised
I. Safety and practice#
English 繁體中文 What it means Emergency stop 緊急停止 Latching, normally closed, acting on the power source. Not a switch painted red Dual channel 雙通道 Two independent contacts, monitored for disagreement Safety relay 安全繼電器 Monitors two channels and refuses to reset if they disagree Interlock 連鎖裝置 Prevents a hazard while a guard is open or a condition is unmet Defeated interlock 失效連鎖 An interlock bypassed. A stop-work event, always Lock-out tag-out 上鎖掛牌 Locking an isolator with your own lock and labelling it Isolation 隔離 Removing an electrical connection between two parts of a system Galvanic isolation 電氣隔離 No conductive path at all, as through a transformer or optocoupler Let-go threshold 擺脫閾值 About 10 mA, above which the hand cannot release Protective earth 保護接地 The conductor that makes a fault big enough to trip the protection Double insulation 雙重絕緣 Protection by having no exposed conductive parts CAT rating 量測類別 A meter's rating for the transient energy it can survive Half-split 二分法 Testing at the midpoint to halve the search each time Boundary 故障邊界 The line between what works and what does not. Where the fault is Root cause 根本原因 The reason a fault occurred, not just what failed Strain relief 應力消除 A clamp on the cable jacket so flexing never reaches the joints Cold joint 冷焊 A joint that did not reach temperature. Dull, and intermittent Wetting 潤濕 Solder flowing onto and bonding with clean hot metal Flux 助焊劑 Removes oxide so solder can wet the surface
J. Connectors#
English 繁體中文 What it means XLR, 3-pin 三芯卡農頭 Balanced analogue audio. Pin 1 screen, 2 hot, 3 cold XLR, 5-pin 五芯卡農頭 DMX512. Deliberately different from audio so the two cannot be mixed Speakon 喇叭插頭 Loudspeaker level. Locking, high current, no exposed conductors powerCON 電源鎖定接頭 Locking mains connector for equipment TRUE1 TRUE1 電源接頭 A powerCON variant that may be connected and disconnected under load IEC C13, C14 IEC 電源接頭 The universal kettle-lead mains connector. Not locking CEE form 工業插頭 IP-rated mains distribution connectors, colour coded by voltage Socapex Socapex 多芯接頭 19 pins carrying six dimmer circuits in one cable RJ45 網路接頭 Network. T568B ordering is the industry convention etherCON etherCON 網路接頭 RJ45 in a locking metal shell Phoenix, terminal block 端子台 Screw or spring field wiring. Serviceable, needs checking Strain relief clamp 固定夾 Grips the cable jacket, never the conductors